What are the differences between server-side and client-side programming?

I’ve seen questions (mainly on Stack Overflow), which lack this basic
knowledge. The point of this question is to provide good information
for those seeking it, and those referencing to it.

In the context of web programming, what are the differences between Server-side programming and Client-side programming? Which languages belong to which, and when do you use each of them?

Background

Web development is all about communication. In this case, communication between two (2) parties, over the HTTP protocol:

The Server – This party is responsible for serving pages.
The Client – This party requests pages from the Server, and displays them to the user. In most cases, the client is a web browser.
- The User – The user uses the Client in order to surf the web, fill in forms, watch videos online, etc.

Each side’s programming, refers to code which runs at the specific machine, the server’s or the client’s.

Basic Example

The User opens his web browser (the Client).
The User browses to http://google.com.
The Client (on the behalf of the User), sends a request to http://google.com (the Server), for their home page.
The Server then acknowledges the request, and replies the client with some meta-data (called headers), followed by the page’s source.
The Client then receives the page’s source, and renders it into a human viewable website.
The User types Stack Overflow into the search bar, and presses Enter
The Client submits that data to the Server.
The Server processes that data, and replies with a page matching the search results.
The Client, once again, renders that page for the User to view.

Programming

Server-side Programming

Server-side programming, is the general name for the kinds of programs which are run on the Server.

Uses

Process user input.
Compiles pages.
Structure web applications.
Interact with permanent storage (SQL, files).

Example Languages

PHP
Python
ASP.Net in C#, C++, or Visual Basic.
Nearly any language (C++, C#, Java). These were not designed specifically for the task, but are now often used for application-level web services.

Client-side programming

Much like the server-side, Client-side programming is the name for all of the programs which are run on the Client.

Uses

Make interactive webpages.
Make stuff happen dynamically on the web page.
Interact with temporary storage, and local storage (Cookies, localStorage).
Send requests to the server, and retrieve data from it.
Provide a remote service for client-side applications, such as software registration, content delivery, or remote multi-player gaming.

Example languages

JavaScript (primarily)
HTML*
CSS*
Any language running on a client device that interacts with a remote service is a client-side language.

_{*HTML and CSS aren’t really “programming languages” per-se. They are markup syntax by which the Client renders the page for the User.}

In layman’s words:

Here I will talk only about web programming.

Client side programming has mostly to do with the user interface, with which the user interacts. In web development it’s the browser, in the user’s machine, that runs the code, and it’s mainly done in javascript, flash, etc. This code must run in a variety of browsers.

Its main tasks are:

validating input (Validation must be done in the server. A redundant validation in the client could be used to avoid server calls when speed is very critical.)
animation
manipulating UI elements
applying styles
some calculations are done when you don’t want the page to refresh so often

The person in charge of front end programming must know:

javascript
css
HTML
basic graphic design
Ajax
maybe Flash
some 3rd party javascript libraries like JQuery
UI design
information design, etc.

Server side programming has to do with generating dynamic content. It runs on servers. Many of these servers are “headless”. Most web pages are not static, they search a database in order to show the user updated personalized information. This sides interacts with the back end, like say, the database.

This programming can be done in a lot of languages:

PHP
Java and jsp
asp
Perl
Python
Ruby on Rails, etc.

This code has to do with:

Querying the database
Encode the data into html
Insert and update information onto the database
Business rules and calculations

The person in charge of server side programming must know:

some of the languages mentioned above
HTML
SQL,
linux/unix shell scripting
OOP
business rules, etc.

Other answers have focused on what is client-side and server-side programming: what languages are mostly used, what tasks have to be accomplished, etc.

This is absolutely right, but I miss a bit of focus on what are the differences between both types of programming, in the context of web programming. Let me try to address that.

Security and permissions

In client-side programming, you do not have access to the full system, because of security concerns. The user does not necessarily trust each and every piece of code that is downloaded from the web and executed on his machine, and this is the main design goal of the client-side environment (the browser and JavaScript engine): to provide an isolated environment where client code can execute but cannot access anything outside the allowed scope.

In server-side programming, it is good practice to also limit the access of each application to the underlying system, but this is much less enforced on you, since in the end, you or your company are in control of that system. This ‘isolated cage’ design is not built-in into the server-side programming tools and languages, but is accomplished through installation setup (using dedicated users with restricted permissions, choosing ports that require or do not require root permissions, etc).

Deployment and platform

In server-side programming, deployment has to happen from outside your code, using some kind of tool (even if it is make install or a git clone), and this deployment is usually manual — or at least, it is expected to happen in a semi-supervised way. The system (meaning the OS) on which you deploy is usually uniform across a number of machines, but it can be heavily customized to your needs.

In client-side programming, deployment happens from your server-side code, which serves the clients automatically and without supervision. The underlying system (meaning mainly the browser) can be very different across a much larger number of machines. In order to make deployment feasible at all, standards have to be kept, and there is a much stronger trend to a single language and environment.

This is why copying server-side code from one machine to another can take weeks, while client-side code is usually trivial to execute in different machines.

State and secondary effects

(Disclaimer: this is by far the most subjective point of all. Probably there are many wrong aspects to my argumentation. It is just an interesting hypothesis, in my view. )

In server-side programming, state is a much bigger concern, meaning how to retrieve and update data at the request of the user with the possibility of conflicts due to concurrency. Even if most of this complexity is offloaded to a database server, it is the server-side code’s responsibility to allow the database to keep its guarantees on data integrity by using its interface correctly (e.g. not use a cache for updates that are never seen by the DB), while it is also a goal of the server-side code not to overload the database with work and keep the user waiting for response.

In client-side programming, presenting the results to the user is a much bigger concern, and this implies secondary effects (mostly printing to the screen). This is not to say that there is no state involved (e.g. cookies), only that the main goal of the code is to actually interface with the user, and this cannot happen without secondary effects.

This is why client-side programming usually requires (at some point) looking at the screen with a demo, to check that all colors and layout are right, while server-side programming can happen almost exclusively in a text-oriented environment, where automated tests check that the logic is still doing what it is supposed to do.

This is by no means intended to be an accepted answer; rather I offer it as a complementary point (in response to the when do you use each of them question) that has yet to be mentioned in the other answers thus far, namely:

Protection of intellectual property

Source code that sits on the client-side (such as in Javascript) is easily readable and / or capable of being reverse-engineered if it has been obfuscated.

Source code that sits on the server-side however can safely protect proprietary algorithms and only return the result; a black-box of sorts.

Filed under: softwareengineering - @ 22:44

Thẻ: client-side, server-side, web-development

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Danh mục

What are the differences between server-side and client-side programming?

Background

Basic Example

Programming

Server-side Programming

Uses

Example Languages

Client-side programming

Uses

Example languages

Security and permissions

Deployment and platform

State and secondary effects